Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) is distinguished by its high oil content and essential fatty acids, presenting a valuable alternative to traditional oils like fish and flaxseed oil. However, the indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers poses a significant challenge to crop quality, productivity, and environmental sustainability, particularly under drought stress conditions. The potential of nanoparticles to mitigate these effects offers a promising area of research, but the optimal application rates and mechanisms of action need further investigation. This research was conducted during 2020 and 2021 at the research farm of Maragheh University Faculty of Agriculture. A two-factor split-plot design with three replications was employed, incorporating three irrigation regimes (20% MAD as normal irrigation, 40% MAD as mild drought stress, and 60% MAD as severe drought stress) and four levels of titanium nanoparticles (TiO₂NPs) (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg L−1). Camelina plants were treated with TiO₂NPs through foliar spray during the growing season. The results showed that Drought stress, TiO₂NPs, and their interaction significantly affected all measured traits. The highest nutrient concentrations (Nitrogen (27.53 g.kg-1), Phosphorus (6.17 g.kg-1), and Potassium (17.21 g.kg-1)), phenolic content (42.54 mg g-1), flavonoid content (30.84 mg g-1), plant height (88.64 cm), and seed yield (1173.5 kg.ha-1) were observed under normal irrigation with 100 mg L−1 TiO₂NPs. Severe drought conditions without TiO₂NPs resulted in the lowest values. In general, the application of 100 mg L−1 TiO₂NPs was identified as the most effective concentration for mitigating the adverse effects of drought stress on camelina. The findings suggest that TiO₂NPs could play a crucial role in replacing or reducing the need for chemical fertilizers in sustainable agriculture, providing a viable strategy to enhance crop performance and stress tolerance, and contributing to food security under changing climate conditions
