منیژه لاله پور

The idea of considering consistency of the city and its suburbs and inconsistent development of large urban areas along with integrated spatial management and planning dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. Before industrialization of cities, the formation of organizations in cities was organic and automatic. after the industrial revolution and at its time, mass and concentrated production on the one hand and development and facilitation of communications between cities and their surroundings created a new structure gradually whose prominent facet, from a quantitative point of view, was physical- spatial expansion of cities and megacities. The increase in the number of megacities and their increasing shares of population, especially in developing countries, their role in national and international economy strengthened so that they are now considered centers of socio economy and innovative technologies. In this regard, one of the biggest challenges facing megacities and metropolitan areas is management and planning them in order to manage and control physical and spatial organization of the region systematically and enhance their roles in universal context. Metropolis phenomenon was the result of industrial revolution and the urban revolution following it and first emerged physically in the late 1800s and early 1900s in European communities. This new form of urbanization turned into worldwide phenomena at the beginning of the third millennium and necessitated novel local and geographical approaches toward management and planning in cities. Emergence of these new approaches in urban management was the result of attempts made to manage the changes in lives of the cities. Management of cities and rise of large cities along with metropolises in developing countries have occurred in a different situation. Dominant view over development in developing countries including Iran is an economic view based on political structures and concentrated management and plannin