Photocatalysis process inspired by natural photosynthesis and dating back more than 100 years is considered a distinct class of chemical transformations [1, 2]. It employs the light energy to activate and drive several reactions that are challenging, sometimes even impossible [1–3]. In this process, electron–hole pairs (e−/h+) were formed when catalytic feedstocks were irradiated by UV lamps, xenon lamps, or even sunlight. Then, these generated electrons–hole pairs can migrate to generate oxidizing species, including hydroxyl radical (•OH) or superoxide radical (•O2−)
