soil of semi-arid Mediterranean regions is intensively tilled; they are low in organic matter content and consequently have weak structural stabilities. Furthermore, water scarcity is one most limiting factor for plants growth in these areas. Although the conditions of soil and water are vastly different from place to place, all plants need permeable soils with high organic matter and sufficient concentrations of essential elements for an acceptable growth. Therefore, a balanced fertilization strategy with macro and micronutrients in plant nutrition is very imperative for crop production in this area. In this context, nano-technology can be one of the most powerful tools for improving the plant production in modern agriculture, and is estimated to become a driving economic force in the near future. It is predicted that nano-technology can boost agricultural production through the nano-formulations of agrochemicals and production of nano-fertilizers. During the last decade, some studies tried to examine the potential of nano-biotechnology to improve nutrients use efficiency and strategies that result in the design and development of efficient new nano-fertilizer delivery platforms for use at the farm level. Nano-formulated fertilizers presents unique physico-chemical properties, so that they can fulfil plant root requirements more efficiently in comparison with conventional fertilizers (in the form of salts or in bulk size). The gradual and regulated release of the nutrient could be through the process of dissolution and ion exchange reactions. Utilization of nano-fertilizers may increase solubility and dispersion of insoluble nutrients in soil, reduce nutrient immobilization (soil fixation) and increase their bio-availability. Besides, nanoparticles have unique physicochemical properties compared with bulk particles, so that their small size and propensity to cross barriers (cell wall and plasma membrane) facilitates effective absorption and their large specific sur
