BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The growing threat of multidrug-resistant bacteria and public health concerns necessitates the search for new solutions. Bacteriophages as highly potentiated antibacterial agents re-emerged recently. Some researshes suggested using bacteriophage products antibacterial activity instead of phages.Endolysin holin, and spanin are lytic proteins encoded by bacteriophages that effectively cause lysis and death of bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the current study, we collected the articles in the field of using bacteriophage products specially endolysins as alternatives to bacteriaphages to combat different bacteria. We concentrated on recent articles (2020 – 2025) as in vito works and in vivo experimental studies. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Preliminary researches suggested that endolysins are more effective against gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria when administered topically. However, the modular structure of endolysin provides a unique opportunity to modify and create possibility of genetic engineering. In addition, a number of methods such as encapsulation, using of nanoparticles, the use of holin-endolysin structures can form a synergism in antibacterial activity. Due to some challenges posed by the use of phage, endolysins havegained more attention from physicians and industry but in spite of high antibacterial properties of phage products, more studies are necessary to characterize them functionally .
