M. Reza Morshedloo

Due to their sessile nature, plants cannot escape adverse environmental conditions. Constantly changing environmental conditions are a source of stress for plants (Cramer et al., 2011; Dresselhaus and Hückelhoven, 2018; Akbaba and ¨Ozden, 2023). These sources are divided into two categories: biotic and abiotic stressors. Stressed plants do not reach their genetic capacity in terms of productivity. For their survival, plants have developed a number of complex defence systems to help them cope with their ever-changing environment. The plant defence system consists mainly of enzymatic and non-enzymatic components, as reported and reviewed in a very large number of studies (Hasanuzzaman et al., 2020; Rajput et al., 2021).