مشخصات پژوهش

Catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are key components of fuel cells. Pt and its alloys remain the most efficient ORR catalysts, but the high cost and scarcity of Pt hamper further development of fuel cell technologies based on these materials [1-3]. In this respect, numerous efforts have therefore been made to reduce or replace the Pt-based catalysts in FCs. In particular, the search for new nonprecious-metal catalysts (NPMCs) with high activity and practical durability for ORRs has been one of the most active fields in chemistry. Graphene, as a result of its unique two dimensional monolayer structure of sp2-hybridized carbon, has attracted interest in a wide range of fields, such as electronics, sensors, batteries, catalysts and fuel cells. Theoretical calculations and experimental investigation have proven that the introduction of N, P, B or X (CL, Br and I) atoms into sp 2-hybridized carbon frameworks in graphene is generally effective in modifying their electrical properties and chemical activities