مشخصات پژوهش

Groundwater over-abstraction may cause land subsidence (LS), and the LS mapping suffers the subjectivity associated with expert judgment. The paper seeks to reduce the subjectivity associated with the hazard, vulnerability, and risk mapping by formulating an inclusive multiple modeling (IMM), which combines two common approaches of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) at Level 1 and artificial intelligence (AI) at Level 2. Fuzzy catastrophe scheme (FCS) is used as MCDM, and support vector machine (SVM) is employed as AI. The developed methodology is applied in Iran’s Tasuj plain, which has experienced groundwater depletion. The result highlights hotspots within the study area in terms of hazard, vulnerability, and risk. According to the receiver operating characteristic and the area under curve (AUC), significant signals are identified at both levels; however, IMM increases the modeling performance from Level 1 to Level 2, as a result of its multiple modeling capabilities. In addition, the AUC values indicate that LS in the study area is caused by intrinsic vulnerability rather than man-made hazards. Still, the hazard plays the triggering role in the risk realization.