| چکیده
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The influence of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) inoculation, seaweed extract (SWE) foliar use,
and their co‑applications were evaluated on the growth‑associated traits, antioxidant potential,
essential oil profile, and the nutrients content of fennel plants. A factorial experiment was conducted
as a completely randomized design with two factors and four replications in the greenhouse. The
factors were: AMF inoculation (not inoculated and inoculated with 5 g kg−1) and SWE foliar application
(0, 0.5, 1.5, or 3 g L−1). The highest root colonization percentage was recorded in plants treated with
AMF + 3 g L−1 of SWE. The top recorded plant height, leaf number, leaf dry weight, biomass, thousand
seed weight (TSW), total soluble proteins and total soluble carbohydrates content, antioxidant
activity, and essential oil content belonged to AMF + 3 g L−1 of SWE. Furthermore, the co‑application
of AMF + SWE resulted in a considerable enhancement of the photosynthetic pigments content and,
in N, P, K, Fe, Zn, and Mn contents in the shoots and roots. The GC‑FID and GC–MS analysis revealed
that (E)‑anethole (73.28–76.18%), fenchone (5.94–8.26%), limonene (4.64–6.58%), methyl chavicol
(2.91–3.18%), and (Z)‑β‑ocimene (1.36–2.01%) were the principal essential oil constituents. The top
(E)‑anethole and fenchone contents were obtained by AMF + SWE. Altogether, the simultaneous
application of AMF and SWE could be introduced as an environment‑friendly strategy to reach reliable
growth responses, especially in fennel plants’ enriched with some precious essential oil constituents.
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