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چکیده
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Under the dual pressures of intensifying global warming and energy crisis, researchers and industrialists are promptly exploring sustainable approaches to conventional fossil fuels and addressing environmental challenges related to the disposal of large amounts of biomass. Among them, biomass photoreforming into high-energy green fuels has emerged as a green, clean, sustainable, and cost-effective strategy for biomass photoconversion, achieving carbon neutralization, and solving the energy crisis. Even though various photocatalytic systems have been developed for biomass photoconversion, their real-world application has been limited by low efficiency, product selectivity, and bottlenecks arising from charge-carrier recombination, light-absorption failures, and limited redox capabilities. Herein, we review S-scheme heterojunction systems that coordinate numerous semiconductor feedstocks for various biomass photoconversion processes into high-value fuels such as H2 and H2O2, as well as unique chemicals (i.e., C1, C2, and C3 products). We delve into how S-scheme heterojunctions efficiently absorb light and generate reactive species that act as “molecular scissors” to cleave C–O and C–C bonds in various biomass and biomass model compounds, producing selective products. The control of charge-transfer dynamics and defect engineering in S-scheme heterojunctions is examined mechanistically to inform the rational design of effective S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts for biomass photoreforming under mild conditions. The challenges and future horizons of biomass upgrading using S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts are also analyzed. By addressing these challenges through innovative S-scheme heterojunction design and mechanistic studies, biomass photoreforming could become a cornerstone of the circular economy and contribute to clean energy production from biomass.
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