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چکیده
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Due to the growing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria as a serious threat to animal and human health, bacteriophage (phage) therapy reemerged in alternative therapeutics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Scientific researches in using bacteriophages to combat bacterial infections in different animals specially livestock were obtained. The bacterial targets were primarily MDR strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Approximately 60% of the selected studies were in vivo experiments performed on animal models or real animal patients, while the remaining were related to in vitro trials. Efficiency of different routes of phage administration such were reviewed. This article explored the mechanisms, advantages, limitations, and practical implementation of phage therapy in veterinary settings, with an emphasis on recent research and successful case studies published after 2020. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The studies until 2025 have demonstrated the potential of bacteriophage therapy in treating multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections in veterinary medicine. In bovine mastitis, intramammarily administered phage cocktails significantly reduced Staphylococcus aureus counts and improved udder health. In companion animals, topical phage therapy for MDR wound infections accelerated healing and reduced inflammation without adverse effects. In poultry and aquaculture, oral or immersion delivery of phages targeting E. coli and Salmonella spp. led to improve survival rates and reduced antibiotic use. Overall, phage therapy presents a promising alternative to antibiotics in veterinary care, especially as part of integrated strategies to manage AMR. However, regulatory frameworks and broader clinical trials are needed to support widespread adoption.
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