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Abstract
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Background The integration of organic viticulture practices in grape cultivation represents a pivotal advancement towards sustainable agriculture, emphasizing the importance of environmentally friendly methods that enhance soil health, grape quality, and overall ecosystem biodiversity, thereby contributing signifcantly to the resilience and long-term sustainability of viticultural ecosystems. This study explored the efects of soil management practices, including chisel, disc harrow, and no tillage, as well as the impact of utilizing Antep radish, broccoli, and olive black‑ water as fertilizer applications, on the biochemical composition, specifcally biogenic amines (BAs), in the clusters of the ’Royal’ grape cultivar within a vineyard setting. Results Throughout the three-year study, no tillage soil management consistently emerged as the most infuential soil treatment for enhancing BAs in ’Royal’ grape berries, especially in combination with Antep radish and olive black‑ water fertilizer applications. Among fertilizer applications, the nontreated control vines consistently had the highest concentrations of critical BAs, such as putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, and dopamine, across diferent soil man‑ agement practices. Among the soil management practices and fertilizer applications evaluated, the disc harrow soil management and olive blackwater fertilizer application generally yielded the lowest concentrations of BAs across sev‑ eral metrics.The PCA biplots indicated that experimental years have a similar efect on BA content in grape berries, with specifc amines such as serotonin and dopamine being more afected in 2020, while cadaverine, histamine, spermidine, trimethylamine, and norepinephrine were more infuenced in 2021, and putrescine, spermine, agmatine, and tryptamine in 2022. Conclusion These fndings hold signifcant implications for organic agriculture, emphasizing the nuanced infuence of soil management practices and organic fertilizers on the BA composition
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